What is Diabetes Mellitus ?



What is Diabetes Mellitus  -
It is an endocrine disease that is characterized by a chronic increase in blood sugar levels due to absolute or relative insulin deficiency - pancreas hormone. The disease leads to disruption of all types of metabolism, vascular damage, nervous system, and other organs and systems.

Classification of Diabetes

  • Insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus (type 1 diabetes) 

This type of diabetes occurs mainly in children and young people. In this type, there is no production of insulin or very less production of insulin in the pancreas. So, insulin injections are required in order to maintain the increased level of glucose in the blood.
  • With type 1 diabetes there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to a violation of the pancreas.
  • It is mostly seen in children or adolescents.
  • The body cannot produce insulin itself.
  • Insulin injections are required daily to maintain the glucose level.
 

  •    Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (type 2 diabetes)

This type of diabetes usually develops in people older than 40 years who are overweight. In this type of Diabetes , there is less production of insulin or ..

Pancreatic cells thus produce enough insulin (sometimes even higher amount). However, the cell surface is blocked or reduced number of structures, which ensure contact with the cell and helps glucose from the blood to enter into the cell.Glucose deficiency in cells is the signal for further production of insulin, but this has no effect, and the insulin production with time is greatly reduced.

To reduce the glucose level in blood, patient need medications . When glucose level is not decreased by the medication then there insulin injections are given.

With  type 2 diabetes, says a relative insulin deficiency.

This is the most common type of Diabetes . It is commonly seen in the obese peoples and who are over 40.

It is caused due to lifestyle or sometimes heredity.

Some patients require medications in addition to insulin injections.

Gestational Diabetes

 
  1. This is the most common type of disease (found in 80-85 % of cases);
  2. Secondary (or symptomatic) diabetes;
  3. Gestational diabetes.
  4. Diabetes is caused by malnutrition
With type 1 diabetes there is an absolute insulin deficiency due to a violation of the pancreas. With  type 2 diabetes, says a relative insulin deficiency.

Causes of Diabetes

  • Viral or bacterial infection
  • Chemical toxins within food
  • Unidentified component causing autoimmune reaction
  • Obesity
  • Living a sedentary lifestyle
  • Increasing age
  • Bad diet
Other type 2 diabetes causes such as pregnancy or illness can be type 2 diabetes risk factors.
    The main cause of type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune process, due to the failure of the immune system, in which the body produces antibodies against the cells of the pancreas, destroying them.The main factor that provoke type 1 diabetes, is a viral infection (rubella, chickenpox, hepatitis, mumps (mumps), etc.) due to a genetic predisposition to the disease.
Regular intake of dietary supplements containing selenium increases the risk of diabetes type ...
The main factors causing the development of type 2 diabetesare two: obesity and genetic predisposition:
  1. Obesity. In the presence of obesity I st. the risk of diabetes increased by 2 times, with Article II. - 5 times, with Article III.- More than 10 times. With the development of the disease more associated abdominal form of obesity - when the fat is distributed in the abdomen.
  2. Hereditary predisposition. In the presence of diabetes in parents or close relatives the risk of developing the disease increases  2-6 times.
Insulin-dependent diabetes develops gradually and is characterized by moderate symptoms. Causes of the so-called secondary diabetes can be:
  • pancreatic diseases (pancreatitis, tumor resection, etc.);
  • hormonal nature of the disease syndrome ( Cushing's, acromegaly, Graves' disease, pheochromocytoma);
  • effects of drugs or chemicals;
  • change of insulin receptors;
  • certain genetic syndromes etc.
Separately isolated gestational diabetes mellitus and diabetes due to malnutrition.

What's going on?

Whatever the cause of diabetes, one consequence: the body can not make full use of glucose (sugar) from food and store the surplus in the liver and muscles. Unused glucose is circulated in excess in the blood (partially excreted in the urine), which adversely affects all organs and tissues. Since the glucose uptake in cells is insufficient, as the energy source used begin fats. As a result, increased quantities generates toxic to the body and especially the brain substance called ketone bodies disrupted fat, protein and mineral metabolism. Symptoms of diabetes:
  • thirst (the patient may drink 3-5 liters or more of fluid per day);
  • frequent urination (both day and night);
  • dry mouth;
  • and general muscle weakness;
  • increased appetite;
  • itching of the skin (especially in the genital area in women);
  • drowsiness;
  • fatigue;
  • poorly healing wounds;
  • dramatic weight loss in patients with type 1 diabetes;
  • obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Typically, type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent) is developing rapidly, sometimes suddenly. Insulin-dependent diabetes develops gradually and is characterized by moderate symptoms. Complications of diabetes:
  • cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction);
  • peripheral artery disease, including arteries of the lower extremities;
  • microangiopathy (damage to small blood vessels) of the lower extremities;
  • diabetic retinopathy (reduced vision);
  • neuropathy (decreased sensitivity, dryness and peeling of the skin, pain and cramps in the limbs);
  • nephropathy (urinary excretion of protein, renal failure);
  • diabetic foot - foot problems (ulcers, necrotic processes) in the background of peripheral nerves, blood vessels, skin, soft tissues;
  • various infectious complications (frequent pustular skin lesions, fungi nogtey.i etc.);
  • coma (diabetic hyperosmolar, hypoglycemic).
Diabetes of the first type is sometimes manifested by a sharp deterioration with severe weakness, abdominal pain, vomiting, a smell of acetone breath. This is due to the accumulation in other than toxic ketone bodies (ketoacidosis). If not quickly eliminate this condition, the patient may lose consciousness - diabetic coma - and die. Coma may also occur with an overdose of insulin and sharp decrease in blood glucose - hypoglycemic coma. To prevent the development of complications of diabetes need constant care and careful monitoring of blood sugar levels.

Diagnosis and treatment of Diabetes

Diabetics have to be registered in endocrinologist. For the diagnosis of diabetes have the following study.
  • Analysis of blood glucose: fasting glucose determined in capillary blood (blood from a finger).
  • Test for glucose tolerance: fasting take about 75 grams of glucose dissolved in a  1-1 five cups of water, and then determining the concentration of blood glucose at 0.5, 2 hours.
  • Analysis of urine for glucose and ketone bodies: detection of ketone bodies and glucose confirms the diagnosis of diabetes.
  • Determination of glycated hemoglobin: it significantly increases the number of patients with diabetes mellitus.
  • Determination of insulin and C-peptide levels: the first type of diabetes and insulin C-peptide is significantly reduced, while the second type of possible values ​​within the normal range.
Treatment of diabetes include: 
  • special diet: you must eliminate sugar, alcoholic beverages, syrups, cakes, cookies, sweet fruit.Food should be taken in small portions, better4-5 times per day. Recommended products containing various sweeteners (aspartame, saccharin, xylitol, sorbitol, fructose, etc.).
  • daily use of insulin (insulin) - diabetics must first type and the progression of Type II diabetes.The drug is available in specialpen, using which it is easy to make shots. When insulin treatment is necessary to independently control the level of glucose in the blood and urine (using special strips).
  • the use of pills that can help reduce blood sugar levels. As a rule, such preparations begin treatment diabetes type. With the progression of the disease should be the appointment of insulin.
People suffering from diabetes are useful exercise. Therapeutic role has and weight loss in obese patients. Treatment of diabetes is held for life. Self-control and strict compliance with the doctor's recommendations can avoid or significantly slow the progression of complications of the disease.

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